Cultural Resource Management Essay

1. (2pts each) Utilizing the lecture notes from the first day of class, define the chase terms ethnic visions Are the sources of culture such as art, hereditary pattern, artif deports, and architectureCultural Resource Management The main form of archaeology in the USA. It is used more oft than not by archaeologists to refer to management of historic places based on their archaeological, architectural, and historical interests in compliance with the environmental and historic preservation justnesss. Mostly clean or rescue archaeology is conducted. historical saving A bearing of preserving historic places, landmarks, and artifacts to protect them from destruction or any other mover that whitethorn harm them.Historic Properties Places of historic significance that atomic number 18 protected under the historic preservation act. These can include architecture, such as the Mount Vernon Estate, as well as specific pieces of land themselves, such as Gettysburg.Archeologi cal Resources Sources that can put forward significant amounts of archaeological selective information such as artifacts and features. It is in addition something that may provided pertinent information to the archaeological record.2. (2 pts) What is the operate of cultural resource management, and what are the values of cultural resources? The function of cultural resource management (CRM) is to protect historic places based on their archaeological, architectural, and historic interests. A majority of the decease make in CRM is save archaeology. To put it in better terms they try to deliver as much from a site as possible in the first place saying or other forms of land development destroy it. Cultural resources provide a link to the significant knowledge that can be discovered from archaeological and significant historical sites.3. (5pts) The late 19th century witnessed a transformation in the way our nation viewed cultural resources. let an overview of private attem pts at preservation during the late 19th century. There were many attempts at preservation during the late 19th century. A few that come to judgment are that of Independence H every last(predicate), Gettysburg and the Mount Vernon Estate. The Mount Vernon Estate was bought by a group of people known as the Mount Vernon Ladies Association for preservation. They fully restored the Estate to its formal glory.A group of concerned citizens primeed the Gettysburg playing area Memorial Association whose purpose was to preserve portions of the battlefield as a memorial to the Union Army that fought here. They neverthelesstually transferred their land holdings to the Federal political sympathies in 1895, which designated Gettysburg as a field Military Park. In 1872 the urban center of Philadelphia set aside Independence hall and forever declared it a significant landmark, which in turn led to its restoration.4. The late 19th century witnessed a transformation in the way our nation vi ewed cultural resources, and this resulted in the 20th century with the passage of major state and federal commandment directed toward promoting cultural resource preservation. For each of the following provide the following informationAntiquities Act of 1906 (9pts)a. This was the first law passed by the United States political science that attempted to protect cultural resources and antiquities, allow the president to decide which resources he deemed worthy of protection, and for jibes to be conducted only with authorized permits.b. This legislation was intended to need with the protection of significant historic lands and sites, as well as establish rules to limit the destruction and looting of said sites and lands. It allowed the president to decide on the significance of a particular site so that he may allow for its protection through federal subject matter. It allowed excavations to be conducted only by center of obtaining a permit. This was to prevent private excavations and looting. It also made anything that was be on the site to be turned into museum hands for the publics benefit.c. The central estimation is the protection and procuration of historic landmarks and antiquities through legal means.Historic Sites Act of 1935 (9pts)a. This act was the first assertion of historic preservation as a political tariff and helped establish rules and organization for the national parks, monuments and historic sites.b. It gives a all-encompassing range of powers and responsibilities to the National Park Service and the secretarial assistant of Interior including codification and institutionalization of Historic American Buildings Survey, authorization to note significant sites and buildings, and to actually be able to carry out and perform preservation pull in. It also complete the National Park System Advisory Board to assist the Secretary of the Interior with administration.c. The central report to this act was to formulate a means of organizat ion and rules for the preservation and maintenance of historic sites.Missouri Basin confound (9pts)a. This project was conducted as a means of emergency or salvage archaeology at water resource development projects within the huge Missouri River Basin.b. The issue that the legislation faced here was the destruction of electromotive force archaeological sites along the Missouri River Basin.c. The central question is the ideal tramp salvage archaeology and how it can benefit the archaeological record before it is destroyed by some form of major construction or other land development.Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 (9pts)a. Before the interstate could be put in this law allowed for an archaeological survey and potential excavation to be conducted.b. This law was passed to help preserve archaeological entropy that faculty be damaged or destroyed by the construction of the interstate.c. The theme for this law is to allow archaeologists to salvage as much information as possible fr om potential sites before construction of the interstate could begin.Reservoir allay Act of 1960 (9pts)a. abides a means for the recovery and preservation of historical and archaeological data that might be lost or destroyed in the construction of dams and reservoirs.b. With all the big damns and large-scale construction being d iodine at this time, this law provided a means for archaeologists to excavate and salvage as much data as possible before the construction was to begin.c. The theme for this law is to provide a way of preserving as much data as possible from a site before construction or completion of a damn or reservoir destroys it.National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (9pts)a. This act was created to preserve historical and archaeological sites in the United States of America and created the National Register of Historic Places, the list of National Historic Landmarks, and the State Historic Preservation Offices.b. This legislation provided a means to not only prote ct significant historic places unless also a means to help govern how to run them and how to decide which ones even make the cut to be lay on the list.c. The theme for this law is to provide a means of deciding which landmarks, architecture and significant sites should be included in federal protection as well as how to actually keep up with their restoration.5. (5pts) Briefly summary the strengths and weaknesses of Works hop on Administration (WPA) Archaeology as part of Roosevelts New remove Programs?This flake of archaeology offered many new jobs for people to fill. It also provided a means of excavating sites that were potentially unreachable due to their location and how deep they were actually buried. It created a long lasting impression on archaeology and anthropology as well. It created museums and anthropology departments at universities across the nation. It also created many vast collections of artifacts. The bad with this type of archaeology was that people had to w ork all year round and often in terrible conditions. Since many of the workers were untrained they had potential to damage artifacts and sites that they came across.6. (5pts) Provide an overview of the significance of Section 101 of the HPA? It formed the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO). SHPOs responsibilities include surveying and recognizing historic properties, reviewing properties to be placed on the National Register for Historic Places, reviewing undertakings for the impact of these properties and finally accompaniment federal, state and local governments as well as the private sector. States are responsible for setting up their own SHPO and thus each one varies in its rules and regulations.7. (5pts) What is the National Register of Historic Places? What makes an historic plaza desirable for the National Register? Discuss the Criteria of Significance and the Criteria of Integrity), etc The national register of historic places is a register that was invented to pr otect historic properties of significant value to the level of the United States. To be eligible for admission to the register a property must be go through a list called the Criteria of Significance.It has to bring on one of the following to be able to be on the list. A property must be associated with events that made a significant parcel to our nations history, be associated with a significant historical person of our nations history, have the susceptibility to provide significant information about history or prehistory, and in the end embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that guard the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction.8. (5pts) Provide an overview of Section 106 cognitive process of National Historic Preservation Act. Include the go (that I talked about in class) of the Section 106 Consult ation process. Discuss legal opinion and mitigation of adverse effect in your answer. Section 106 mandates federal agencies change a review process for all federally funded and permitted projects that will impact sites listed on, or eligible for listing on, the National Register of Historic Places. The steps for Consultation process include 1 Initiation of the Section 106 recap 2 assignment of Historic Properties 3 Assessment of Adverse effects and 4 Resolution of Adverse Effects.If an adverse effect is expected, the agency is unavoidable to work with the local State Historic Preservation Office to keep in line that all interested parties are given an opportunity to review the proposed work and provide feedback. This allows for steps to be found avoiding having an adverse effect on historic properties. A Memorandum of Agreement is then reached between all consulting parties outlining agreed to mitigation or avoidance of historic properties. Without said process, historic sites or properties would lose out on significant protection. It provides a process to help decide different approaches or solutions to a project but does not mean that it prevents site destruction or alteration.9. (6pts) Provide a one word definition for each of the follow (2pts each)Phase I- IdentificationPhase II- EvaluationPhase III- Mitigation10. (5pts) YOUR OPINIONIS IT a duty of our society and as a community to protect and preserve our heritage? Are communities doing enough to protect their heritage, or are they doing too much, alarming their will too aggressively and infringing the property of others?