Human memory Essay

The investigating into whether images aid shop find has been middling successful. The observational hypothesis participants in mark off 1(words with images) would manage give away than those in condition 2 (words without images), has been rejected in that locationfore the vain hypothesis there will be no difference in condition 1 (involving grid of random words supported by images) and condition 2 ( simply consisting of random words) has been accepted.Only to some extent from the note graph (Condition 1 vs. Condition 2), discount we say condition 1 (words with images) recollectioned more words than those in condition 2 (words without images) because the line for condition 1 is generally above the line for condition 2 and this slightly supports the tryal hypothesis. The results footmarkd using central tendency and measures of dispersion sanely support the experimental hypothesis.The mean and median for condition 1 (14. 1 & 14. 5) was greater than of condition 2 (12. 6 & 13. 5) indicating that there is a fail recall when words are companied by visual aid and this supports the experimental hypothesis. The range (11) illustrated that entropy for both conditions were equally spread out, which does not needful support the experimental hypothesis. Standard deviation, a more reliable measure of the dispersion than range has shown data in condition 2 (3. 977715704) is approximately more spread out than in condition 1 (3. 604010112).descriptive statistics (numerical & graphical) give up illustrated that condition 1 (words with images) performed better and this supports the experimental hypothesis. Not simply do the numerical statistics support the hypothesis but the results are fairly pronounced, simply by looking at the line graph (graphical statistics) there is definitely a difference between both conditions although the Mann-Whitney U-test shows this to be under the direct of significance.Inferential statistics, which enable us to draw clear c onclusions about(predicate) the likelihood of the hypothesis being true, is evidence for accepting the null hypothesis. The signification of the results measured using a non-parametric method, The Mann-Whitney U-test clearly shows that at the significance level of 0. 05, the results were very likely to have happened by chance. Though the observed value, 35 is greater than the critical value of 23 but only by 10. Comparatively, the findings of this conceive support previous theory and research but similarly are contrary to them.Bower, 1972 imagery recall experiment found that participants, who utilize imagery, recalled 80% of the words compared to only 45% by the non-imagers. In this investigation, participants in condition 1 (words with images) recalled 70. 5% of the words compared to 63% by the non-imagers. My investigation does support Bowers findings, since there is a difference in time the differences between the two conditions is not significant. Previous research does su ggest that data in STM is stored in an acoustic manner this was demonstrated by Conrad (1964).Illustrating heap may not always use visual codes to echo data and this supports the null hypothesis in addition Baddeleys (1966) shoot suggests that data is also stored semantically and this once again illustrates that people may not always use visual codes. A possible problem with this experiment is the experimental design which lacks ecological validity and also does not look for individual differences. The study use independent groups, which meant it lacked control of participant uncertain and needed more participants.A matched participant design could have been used instead to deal with participant variables as participants are matched on central variables such as age and repositing ability. Another problem of the study was the sample size. The study only used 20 participants, a thin sample therefore findings cannot be generalised to the rest of the population. So, a big samp le size of 50+ would be more representative and can be generalised. In addition, the investigation used opportunity sampling, which is very biased, and again it cannot be generalised.Random sampling would be the best method to prefer participants since it is potentially unbiased. An additional problem was the images used some of the images were cartoon images (i. e. discussion & pizza) and others were actual photographs ( truly life images, i. e. greenhouse). This may have been a problem since real life images may possibly be easier to think of than cartoon images or vice versa. To resolve such problem, would be by using only cartoon images alone or only real life images.The recall between genders may have wider implications on the whole men have performed better than women, when studies have shown women should perform better than men. For example women perform better than men in tasks such as verbal learning computer storage tasks, name face association, and first last name ass ociations learning (Larrabee and Crook, 1993). Ideas for a follow up research study is the effects of gender recall and discover if there is a significant effect for the sex of a participant on the types of gender associated images recalled and to compare the effects of visual and semantic codes in depth.There is evidence to illustrate that people do guess more with the aid of visual representation and evidence to illustrate people remember more without any visual representation. This itself suggests people do remember data and information differently (individual differences), i. e. acoustically, semantically. Therefore it is important to recognize these findings as they have strong insinuations for its involvement in everyday life, for example with teaching, edict and marketing.References & BibliographyAtkinson, R. C. & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968) Human memory A proposed system and its control processes. In K. W. Spence and J. T. Spence (Eds. ), The psychology of learning and motivat ion, vol. 8. London Academic Press Baddeley, A. D. (1966) Encoding in long-term memory The influence of acoustic and semantic similarity on long-term memory for word sequences. Quart. J. exp. Psychol. , 18, 302-9 Bahrick, H. P. (1975) The nature of LTM Fifty years of memory for name calling and faces A cross-sectional approach, Journal of Experimental Psychology General, vol. 104, pp. 54-75